Histadelia and Sulfurs: Part V-c: Sulfites to Sulfates

Another subset of high-oxidative-stress, undermethylated bipolars have problems converting sulfites to sulfates. Overloaded sulfites transform into toxic sulfur compounds which increase the burden on antioxidants and detox agents, using up glutathione. Moreover the sulfates which should have been formed are important antioxidant and detox agents, which help spare glutathione. So, again, we can have difficulty joining methyl to B12, impeding formation of methionine and SAM, thereby fostering undermethylation.

Difficulty metabolizing sulfites to sulfates can be due to

A simple lack of molybdenum.

Chronic overload of sulfur compounds.

Underactivity of the enzyme, SUOX (sulfite oxidase) which catalyzes the oxidation of sulfite to sulfate.  

The basic chemistry is 
Sulfite + molybdenum + B6 (P5P) + SUOX  yields  Sulfate
See Methionine cycle, step 4, lower half of diagram. 

or lower right of this diagram

CONSIDERATIONS.
Check for elevated urinary sulfites.
Doing okay with sulfates and taurine (which converts to a sulfate without using SUOX), but reacting to sulfur supplements and foods, especially eggs, suggests sulfite to sulfate conversion problems.

Sulfates are needed in nerve, bone and cartilege formation, mucin creation, liver detox, and catecholamine inactivation. Thus, the following conditions may be associated with low sulfate formation (or with low sulfation):

—Overstimulation: Sulfation inactivates thyroid hormone and catecholamines (e.g., dopamine).  (Interesting overview at http://what-when-how.com/molecular-biology/sulfation-molecular-biology/)
— Inflammation.
—Migraines.
—Arthritis and other joint/cartilege maintenance and repair problems (think MSM and glucosamine).
—Digestive symptoms: leaky gut, irritable bowel, low stomach acid, gall bladder hypofunction (problems with fats), low digestive enzymes, constipation.

TREATMENT APPROACHES  (Petryka,  Roberts)

Molybdenum (in legumes) helps form sulfate (as well as BH4 -- see previous post). Low uric acid or intolerance to alcohol can also suggest low molybdenum.
P5P (a form of B6) may also be needed.
However, too much of either can be counterproductive.
Hydroxy B12, boron, and vitamin E (along with the molybdenum 2x/day) may help increase SUOX activity. (Roberts)
Restict/avoid sulfites. (An upbeat non-medical discussion of sulfites here).
 

Sulfates, if depleted, will be helpful: 
—Epsom salt (magnesium sulfate).  Can be added to baths, but this is contraindicated if there is any danger of falling asleep in the bath, or if taking antipsychotics, anxiety or sleep meds, or consuming alcohol or other suppressants. An epsom salt foot soak, epsom sprays, or creams may be used instead.  Or a combo of sources.  E.g., see enzyme stuff, about half-way down the page. 

—Taurine.
—MSM, glutathione sulfate, or NAC may or may not help.

Phenol and salicylate restriction is often indicated as sulfates are used up in their metabolism. More on phenols and salicylates next post.

Reminder: This information is presented for educational purposes only, and is not intended as diagnosis or treatment recommendations for the individual. Even within the histadelic subgroup, each person's biochemical requirements tend to be unique. So if you need treatment for depression, mania, bipolar, or any other medical condition, please consult a knowledgeable physician. 

For info on the role of histadelia in bipolar disorder, see my book, Natural Healing for Bipolar Disorder

   available at  boragebooks.com/orderBooks.html

Histadelia and Sulfur: Part V-b: Oxidative stress

Transsulfuration pathway malfunctions occur in some histadelic bipolars (and most autistics). And if such problems involve underproduction of glutathione or other sulfur antioxidants, they can be an important cause of the undermethylation.

Overactivity of CBS causes low glutathione,  high ammonia and overproduction of sulfur compounds. This is very common, especially in autistics. CBS*  is the critical enzyme in converting  homocysteine to cystathionine (see Methionine cycle, step 4, lower half of diagram). 
 * Cystathionine beta synthase.

Thus, with upregulation of CBS: 
Homocysteine  + B6  (as P5P) + Mg   + CBS  yields overabundant Cystine (instead of cysteine) + excess Ammonia + AKG

Accumulating sulfur metabolites promote formation of cystine rather than cysteine (and then, hydrogen sulfide and thiosulfates.) Lacking cysteine, glutathione cannot be formed. Oxidative stress becomes profound. Methyl cannot attach to B12, impeding the transformation of homocysteine to methionine. Formation of homocysteine from SAH is also suppressed.

The ammonia creates brain fog. In part, because ammonia inhibits axonal electrical potentials, decreases brain ATP, causes astrocyte inflammation. And also because it depletes BH4, which is used in forming tyrosine, dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin.
 
In summary, CBS upregulation leads to:  Severe oxidative stress. Failure to form methionine and glutathione. Low SAM. SAH  and perhaps some HCY accumulation. Toxic sulfur compounds. Ammonia overload. Brain fog.

Considerations (Roberts)

Brain fog.

Reacts to intake of sulfur foods, meds, or supplements.

High-normal to elevated urinary ammonia
Elevated urinary sulfurs.  (Check ammonia and sulfur periodically. The individual can do this themselves with urinary test strips.)
Homocysteine on the low side.

Treatment Approaches (Walsh, Pietryka, Roberts)

Sulfur issues.

Excess B6 can worsen symptoms. P5P may be a better choice (Roberts). Rosemary Waring suggests  increasing magnesium (to at least 1:1, magnesium:B6; or 2:1 magnesium:P5P).
Diets high in sulfur foods worsen the accumulation of detrimental sulfurs. Animal proteins, and sulfur in foods, nutrients and meds often need to be restricted (perhaps even NAC and glutathione), at least until sulfurs start to normalize. 
GABA may be indicated, if anxiety or overstimulation is developing. (Roberts)
Toxic metal accumulation and metal metabolism dysfunction may have some association with CBS overactivity. (Roberts, See section on CBS.)

Ammonia issues (Yasko, Roberts)

Yucca to help detox ammonia.
RNA support to help neutralize ammonia.
Activated charcoal to neutralize ammonia (at night, with magnesium citrate to insure removal).
Carnitine / CoQ10/ and or NADH if needed to support energy levels.

Countering oxidative stress.
NAC and selenium foster creation of glutathione. Reduced glutathione can be taken. Relatively absorbable forms include sublinguals, creams, sprays (as liposomal preparations), IVs, or suppositories.
Reduce factors worsening oxidative stress, such as, toxicity, illness, poor diet, stress, overexertion and metal metabolism dysfunction. Also, avoid excitotoxins.
Mercury levels may need attention, as mercury will readily bind to the abundant sulfhydryl (thiol) groups and, via the bloodstream, gain greater access to body tissues (Cutler).
 
Methylation cycle issues.
The sulfur pathway may need to be dealt with first to prevent draining out of precursors, as well to encourage enough glutathione to methylate B12. (Roberts)
To support methylation, glutathione and methyl-B12 may need to be provided directly. (Walsh)
Betaine may help create some methionine, if the betaine pathway is working effectively. But usually, methionine and/or SAM is needed. (Walsh)

Reminder: This information is presented for educational purposes only, and is not intended as diagnosis or treatment recommendations for the individual. Even within the histadelic subgroup, each person's biochemical requirements tend to be unique. So if you need treatment for depression, mania, bipolar, or any other medical condition, please consult a knowledgeable physician. 


Next posts: Sulfites, sulfates. Salicylates and phenols.

For info on the role of histadelia in bipolar disorder, see my book, Natural Healing for Bipolar Disorder