IV.a. Autoimmune thyroid and bipolar disorder

Autoimmune Thyroid (Hashimoto's disease)

An estimated 50 to 90% of cases of hypothyroidism result from anti-thyroid antibodies. Hashmimoto's antibodies seem to be more common in people with bipolar depression, mixed state, and rapid cycling (and to a lesser degree, in other affective disorders) than in the general population.

Symptoms

Symptoms usually start with neck tenderness, and may be otherwise unnoticeable. Depression, memory and concentration problems may be the next to emerge.
Thyroid activity may cycle initially, so you can get periods of insomnia, anxiety, inner tension, panic attacks, hypomania, rapid heart beat, etc. due to thyroid hyperactivity. In some cases, overactivity is severe, creating hashitoxicosis.
Over years, the ongoing attack on thyroid tissue suppresses function causing hypothyroidism, with typical symptoms such as weight gain, chronic depression and fatigue, constipation, kidney and heart complications, etc.  (See previous post)

Potential Causes 

Psychosocial stressors.
Overstimulation with iodine or certain drugs.
Chronic exposure to fluoride, chlorine.
Toxic exposure.
Immune challenge (e.g., Candida, Epstein Barr).
Undermethylation and lack of glutathione
More on this later.


To get a more comprehensive view of the implications of thyroid function, and other endocrine status on bipolar disorder, you may want to look through my book, Natural Healing for Bipolar Disorder,
                available here.

To contact me, click here.


Reminder: This information is presented for educational purposes only, and is not intended as diagnosis or treatment recommendations for the individual. Each person's biochemical requirements tend to be unique. So if you need treatment for bipolar, thyroid disorder or any other medical condition, please consult a knowledgeable physician.

I. Thyroid and Bipolar Disorder

The thyroid gland is crucial to metabolism, growth and immunity, as well as supporting heart and kidney function, bone development, and maturation of the nervous system. Thyroid is also critical to cognition and mood.

In fact, thyroid hormones have been used to augment antidepressants and convert nonresponders, and to treat certain rapid cycling and hypomanic patients unresponsive to other treatments (though careful medical evaluation is essential, as thyroid hormone may promote mania).

Thyroid status in bipolars

Bipolars frequently exhibit thyroid underactivity or sometimes other thyroid conditions.* (Lasser 1997, Pies 1998)  Moreover, two of the major mood stabilizers (lithium and carbamazepine) may suppress the thyroid further. (Lazarus 1998)

In some bipolars, thyroid activity cycles with affective state.  Bipolars may be particularly sensitive to such fluctuations, even when within the normal range. (Cole 2002)  Cognitive function, for instance seems to be significantly linked to thyroid status, rather than lithium levels. (Tremont 1997)

Barnes (1976) warned that many patients medicated for depression, anxiety, and so forth, have undetected thyroid dysfunction, causing mood symptoms. Unfortunately, effective thyroid  status is often obscured by distorted interactions of the hypothalamus/pituitary/thyroid axis, and by difficulty determining peripheral sensitivity to thyroid.**(Pies 1998)

* Even as compared to the general psychiatric populations, in which thyroid problems are common. (Gloger, 1997, Fardella 2000, Placidi 1998)
** For example, you can get high thyroxine, with an elevated pituitary TSH nonresponsive to regulatory feedback, so continuing to stimulate the thyroid further. Along with high thyroid symptoms of, for example, weight loss, rapid heart beat, etc., the patient may manifest selective insensitivity to T4 in mood-modulating neural pathways, fostering the low thyroid symptom of depression. Labs also will be contradictory: with high T4, suggesting hyperthyroid; high TSH, hypothyroid. Thus neither effective thyroid status nor appropriate treatment will be readily apparent.

Affective symptoms in thyroid disorder patients

Thyroid dysfunction alters mood (as well as cognition and behavior), (Lasser 1997, Loosen 1987, Prange, Whybrow 1987, Tremont 1997)  typically creates affective symptoms, (Gibson 1962, Graves 1843) and is associated with increased incidence of depression, dysthymia, bipolar disorder, cyclothymia, panic disorder, phobia, and obsessive compulsive disorder. (Placidi 1998)

Hypothyroidism characteristically creates a depressive syndrome; even subclinical hypothyroidism may be associated with mood cycling, depression, and poor or slow response to affective treatment. Autoimmune thyroiditis is often associated with depression (especially postpartum), and with rapid cycling. Hyperthyroidism creates symptoms of, and contributes to, mania. (Pies 1998)

Nonetheless, the precise impact of thyroid activity can vary from one individual to another. (Loosen 1987)

I have excerpted the above post from the first page of a 32-page section on thyroid in my book, Natural Healing for Bipolar Disorder (copyright 2009).

To get a comprehensive view, you may want to look through my book, on bipolar disorder
                available here.

To contact me, click here.


Reminder: This information is presented for educational purposes only, and is not intended as diagnosis or treatment recommendations for the individual. Each person's biochemical requirements tend to be unique. So if you need treatment for bipolar, thyroid disorder or any other medical condition, please consult a knowledgeable physician.